The ancient society recognized for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy is the ancient Babylonians. They lived in Mesopotamia, around 1900–500 BCE, and developed one of the earliest known forms of writing, cuneiform. Their astronomical observations were crucial, enabling them to create detailed star catalogs and calendars. They understood concepts of time measurement, including a 60-minute hour and a 360-degree circle. Babylonian mathematics was advanced for its time, using a positional numeral system based on 60, which had a profound influence on modern mathematics. Their achievements laid the groundwork for future scientific advancements in the fields of astronomy and mathematics.