The ancient Greek empire was renowned for its philosophical contributions and its pioneering form of democracy, particularly in city-states like Athens. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the groundwork for Western philosophy, exploring fundamental questions of existence, ethics, and knowledge. Democracy in Athens began in the 5th century BCE, allowing a broader segment of the population (excluding women, slaves, and non-citizens) to participate in governance through direct voting and public debate. This blend of philosophy and democratic principles has deeply influenced modern political thought and ethics, shaping values that continue to resonate today.