The ancient empire known for its contributions to philosophy and science during the Golden Age is Ancient Greece. Flourishing from around the 5th to the 4th century BCE, this period witnessed remarkable advancements in various fields, including philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences. Renowned philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid foundational ideas that still influence modern thought and ethics. Mathematicians like Euclid and Archimedes contributed extensively to geometry and physics, while advancements in medicine by Hippocrates began the practice of clinical observation. This intellectual legacy continues to shape contemporary philosophy, science, and political thought.