The ancient culture recognized for its contributions to agriculture and urban development is that of Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization." Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq, this region witnessed early advancements in farming techniques, including irrigation systems that improved crop yields. The emergence of city-states such as Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon led to organized urban communities, trade, and the development of writing systems like cuneiform. Mesopotamian innovations in mathematics, law, and architecture laid foundational structures for future civilizations, profoundly influencing agriculture, governance, and culture in subsequent societies.