The ancient culture that excelled in astronomy and mathematics, leading to the creation of the wheel and calendar, is the Sumerians. Emerging in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, Sumerians developed one of the earliest known civilizations characterized by advanced agricultural practices, urban development, and innovative technologies. They created a base-60 numerical system, significantly impacting geometry and time-keeping, and developed the earliest form of writing, cuneiform. Their achievements in astronomy allowed them to create lunar calendars, aiding agricultural planning. The Sumerians also pioneered the invention of the wheel, revolutionizing transportation and trade, laying essential foundations for future civilizations.