The ancient civilization of Mesopotamia made significant advancements in agriculture. The region, known as the "Cradle of Civilization," developed irrigation techniques, including canals and water management systems, that transformed arid areas into fertile farmland. They cultivated staple crops such as barley, wheat, and legumes, which contributed to food surpluses and population growth. Additionally, advancements in plowing and farming tools enabled increased efficiency. These agricultural innovations laid the foundation for urbanization, the development of complex societies, and trade networks, as surplus production allowed for the rise of specialized occupations, enhancing Mesopotamia's status as one of the earliest centers of civilization.