The ancient civilization renowned for its mathematics and astronomy is the Maya. The Maya civilization thrived in Mesoamerica from approximately 2000 BC until the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. They developed a sophisticated understanding of mathematics, including the concept of zero, and created a complex calendar system based on astronomical observations. Their ability to predict celestial events and their detailed star charts demonstrated advanced astronomical knowledge. The Mayans also constructed impressive pyramids and temples, reflecting their architectural ingenuity and cosmological beliefs, making them one of the most notable ancient civilizations for their contributions to knowledge in these fields.