The ancient civilization recognized for sophisticated urban planning and architecture is the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. Its cities, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured advanced drainage systems, grid-pattern streets, and well-constructed homes. These innovations reflect a well-organized society with effective governance and resource management. The urban layout emphasized sanitation and public health, setting a precedent for future urban development. The Indus Valley Civilization is notable for its contributions to early urbanization and planned city design.