The ancient civilization known for its hierarchical structure and monumental temples is the Maya civilization. Flourishing from about 2000 BCE to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Maya were renowned for their sophisticated society characterized by advanced mathematics, astronomy, and writing systems. Their hierarchic structure included an elite ruling class, priests, and a large working population. The Maya built impressive architectural structures, such as pyramids, palaces, and observatories, often adorned with intricate carvings and murals. Their urban centers, like Tikal and Calakmul, were focal points of culture, commerce, and religious life, demonstrating their technological and artistic achievements.