The ancient civilization known for its development of early mathematics and engineering is the Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians. Emerging around 3500 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, they made significant advancements in mathematics, including the concept of a base-60 numeral system still evident today in our 60-minute hours. Their innovations in engineering included the construction of ziggurats, irrigation systems, and roads, demonstrating sophisticated architectural skills. Mesopotamian contributions laid foundational principles that influenced later cultures and civilizations, playing a crucial role in the advancement of science and technology.