The ancient civilization known for its contributions to philosophy and democracy is Ancient Greece. This civilization, flourishing between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, laid the foundational principles of Western thought, particularly through philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Greeks also pioneered the concept of democracy in city-states like Athens, where citizens participated directly in governance. Their innovations in political theory, ethics, and metaphysics shaped intellectual discourse for centuries. Ancient Greek culture has profoundly influenced various fields, including literature, art, and science, establishing a rich legacy that continues to resonate in contemporary society.