The ancient civilization known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy in Mesoamerica is the Maya. The Maya developed a sophisticated understanding of mathematics, including the concept of zero, and they had a highly accurate calendar system based on their astronomical observations. Their achievements in these fields were remarkable for their time and influenced various aspects of their society, such as agriculture, religious practices, and architecture. The Maya civilization flourished in areas that are now Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras from around 2000 BCE to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.