The ancient civilization known for its advanced systems of irrigation and agriculture is the Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians. Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, they developed irrigation canals and techniques that transformed arid land into fertile fields. This agricultural innovation allowed for surplus production, contributing to societal advances in trade, urbanization, and culture. The Sumerians' ability to control water resources significantly influenced their development and laid the groundwork for subsequent civilizations in the region.