The ancient civilization known for its advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics is the Babylonians. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly in the city of Babylon, this civilization made significant contributions to astronomic observations, including the identification of constellations and the lunar calendar. They developed a base-60 number system, which influences our timekeeping (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour) and created remarkable mathematical tables. The Babylonians' systematic approach to mathematics and astronomy laid the groundwork for many future advancements in these fields throughout history.