The ancient civilization renowned for its significant achievements in mathematics and astronomy is the Babylonians, who thrived in Mesopotamia. They developed early forms of mathematics, including a base-60 number system, which enabled advancements in geometry and arithmetic. Their contributions to astronomy were particularly remarkable; they meticulously recorded celestial phenomena and created one of the earliest known star catalogs. They accurately predicted lunar eclipses and calculated the lengths of the year, contributing foundational knowledge that would later influence Greek and Islamic scholars. The Babylonians’ mathematical techniques and astronomical observations laid the groundwork for future developments in both fields.