The ancient civilization known for its achievements in mathematics is the Babylonian civilization. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly in the region of modern-day Iraq, the Babylonians made significant contributions to mathematics around 1800 BC. They developed a base-60 (sexagesimal) numeral system, which influenced modern timekeeping and geometry. The Babylonians were adept at solving algebraic equations and created tables for multiplication, division, and square roots. Their mathematical prowess extended to astronomy, allowing them to calculate celestial movements and predict eclipses. This foundational knowledge significantly shaped subsequent mathematical developments in ancient Greece and beyond, marking the Babylonians as one of history’s key contributors to the field.