The ancient civilization known for its achievements in agriculture and urban planning is the Mesopotamian civilization, often considered one of the cradles of civilization. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians developed advanced agricultural techniques, including irrigation systems to support farming. They built numerous city-states, such as Ur and Babylon, featuring sophisticated urban layouts, complex social structures, and innovations like writing (cuneiform) and legal codes. Their achievements laid foundational aspects of society, governance, and culture, influencing subsequent civilizations in the region and beyond.