The ancient civilization famous for its incredible agricultural advancements is the Mesopotamian civilization, particularly the Sumerians. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this region experienced significant agricultural innovation, including the development of irrigation systems and plow technology. The Sumerians cultivated various crops, such as barley, wheat, and legumes, supporting a growing population and eventually leading to the rise of city-states. Their agricultural practices laid the foundation for complex societies and were instrumental in the development of trade, culture, and early forms of governance.