The ancient civilization credited with developing advanced mathematical concepts is the Babylonians. Active around 1900 to 1600 BCE, they made significant contributions to mathematics, including the use of a base-60 numeral system, which is still evident today in our time measurement (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour). They were known for their skill in arithmetic and geometry, allowing them to perform complex calculations related to agriculture, commerce, and astronomy. Their innovations, including the development of early algebra, laid foundational concepts that later influenced Greek mathematics and other civilizations throughout history.