The ancient civilization known for developing advanced mathematical concepts and calculations is the Babylonians. Flourishing between 1894 BC and 539 BC in Mesopotamia, they made significant contributions to mathematics, particularly in number systems, geometry, and astronomy. The Babylonians utilized a base-60 (sexagesimal) numeral system, enabling them to perform complex calculations. They developed algorithms to solve quadratic equations and were able to forecast astronomical events with remarkable accuracy. Their mathematical prowess is encapsulated in clay tablets, such as the famous Plimpton 322, which displays knowledge of Pythagorean triples. The innovations of the Babylonians laid the groundwork for future developments in mathematics and sciences across various cultures.