The Industrial Revolution drastically changed urbanization in the 19th century, as it initiated a profound shift from agrarian societies to industrialized urban centers. Factories sprang up near coal and iron resources, attracting large populations seeking jobs. This migration resulted in rapid urban growth, leading to the expansion of cities and significant changes in living conditions. While urbanization provided economic opportunities, it also caused overcrowding, poor sanitation, and social challenges. The rise of industrial cities transformed social structures, leading to new class dynamics and labor movements. Overall, urbanization during this period was a critical factor in shaping modern society.