The natural barrier that separates the north and south of Italy is the Apennine Mountains. This mountain range runs the length of the Italian peninsula and is often referred to as the "backbone" of Italy. It extends from the north in Liguria down to the south in Sicily, influencing the climate and ecological conditions on either side. The Apennines are pivotal for Italy's geography, culture, and history, providing a distinct separation of varying local traditions and lifestyles.