The primary mountain range that runs along the western coast of South America is the Andes mountain range. This extensive range extends from Venezuela in the north to Chile and Argentina in the south, culminating in some of the highest peaks in the world. The Andes are instrumental in shaping the climate and ecology of the region, creating diverse habitats and influencing rainfall patterns. These mountains are also culturally significant to indigenous populations and have immense natural resources, including minerals and biodiversity.