The primary feature of a tundra ecosystem is its cold, harsh climate, with low temperatures and short growing seasons. This region is characterized by permafrost, a permanently frozen layer beneath the soil, which affects vegetation and animal life. Plant growth is limited primarily to mosses, lichens, and small shrubs. The tundra supports a variety of adapted wildlife, such as caribou and arctic foxes, and experiences low biodiversity. Overall, the tundra plays a crucial role in the global climate by acting as a significant carbon sink.