The element that defines the climate of the polar regions is latitude. These regions are characterized by their extreme cold, long winters, and short summers. The polar climate is primarily influenced by the low angle of the sun, which results in reduced solar energy reaching the surface. This leads to permanently frozen ground known as permafrost in many areas. Additionally, the polar regions experience minimal precipitation, mainly falling as snow. The unique conditions create habitats for specially adapted wildlife, such as polar bears and penguins, and challenge human settlement and activity.