The ancient civilization that thrived along the banks of the Nile River is Ancient Egypt. This civilization flourished for thousands of years, primarily due to the fertile lands created by the annual flooding of the Nile. The river served as a lifeline, facilitating agriculture, trade, and transportation. Ancient Egyptians are known for their monumental architecture, such as the Pyramids and the Sphinx, as well as their advanced understanding of mathematics, astronomy, and writing, leaving a profound legacy on history.