Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation in the late 17th century. His seminal work, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton's First Law describes inertia, the Second Law defines the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, and the Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The law of universal gravitation explains how every mass attracts every other mass in the universe, fundamentally changing our understanding of physics and paving the way for future scientific discoveries and advancements.