The scientist famous for the theory of evolution is Charles Darwin. He introduced the concept of natural selection in his book "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859. Darwin proposed that species evolve over time due to the survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits. This groundbreaking theory challenged existing beliefs about the origin of species and provided a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth. Darwin's work was based on extensive observations from his travels, particularly his studies of finches in the Galápagos Islands. His ideas have profoundly influenced biology, genetics, and ecology.