Charles Darwin is the historical figure famously known for his theory of evolution by natural selection. Published in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species," Darwin's theory transformed the understanding of biological diversity. He proposed that species evolve over time through a process where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This revolutionary idea challenged established views of creation and laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary biology, influencing countless fields including genetics, ecology, and anthropology.