The ancient civilization known for its advanced astronomy and mathematics is the Maya civilization. They developed a sophisticated calendar system and made significant astronomical observations, including the tracking of celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and Venus. Their mathematical contributions included the concept of zero and a vigesimal (base-20) numeral system. The Maya civilization's achievements in these fields not only reflected their complex societal structure but also served practical purposes for agriculture, religious rituals, and navigation. Their expertise in astronomy and mathematics remains highly regarded and continues to influence modern understanding of these disciplines.