The ancient civilization known for its early advancements in mathematics is the Babylonians. They created one of the first known number systems, which was based on a base 60 system. This system laid the foundation for various mathematical concepts, including the geometry and calculation of areas, volumes, and the astronomical calculations that were crucial for agriculture. Babylonian mathematics influenced later cultures and was instrumental in the development of arithmetic and algebra, allowing future civilizations to make strides in those fields.