The ancient civilization known for its complex mathematics and astronomy is the Maya civilization. Flourishing in Mesoamerica from approximately 2000 BC to the arrival of Europeans, the Maya developed a sophisticated understanding of celestial movements. They created accurate calendars, including the famous Long Count calendar, and made significant advancements in mathematics, such as the concept of zero. Their observatories and city planning reflect their astronomical knowledge, and they utilized this information for agricultural and ritual purposes. The Maya's achievements in these fields continue to draw attention and admiration today.