The ancient civilization that built pyramids is the Egyptians, particularly renowned for their construction of the Great Pyramids of Giza. These monumental structures served as elaborate tombs for pharaohs and illustrate the Egyptians' architectural prowess and religious beliefs. The pyramids were constructed during the Old Kingdom period, around 2580 to 2560 BCE, representing a significant achievement in engineering and artistry. Built primarily from limestone and granite, these structures were designed to transport the pharaohs to the afterlife, reflecting the civilization's complex understanding of life, death, and the afterlife.