The type of plant that can survive in extreme conditions like deserts and arctic tundra is called a "xerophyte." Xerophytes are specially adapted to thrive in environments with scarce water resources. Characteristics of these plants include thick, fleshy leaves or stems that store water and mechanisms to minimize water loss, such as thick cuticles and reduced leaf surfaces. Common examples of xerophytes include cacti, succulents, and certain species of grasses. These plants play essential roles in their ecosystems, often providing food and shelter for wildlife while also demonstrating remarkable resilience in some of the harshest climates on Earth.