A solar panel converts sunlight into electrical energy. This conversion occurs primarily through photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it excites electrons, creating an electric current. This process involves two layers of silicon with different charges, which generate an electric field. The direct current (DC) produced can then be converted into alternating current (AC) using an inverter for household use. As renewable energy sources gain prominence, solar panels are increasingly vital for sustainable energy solutions, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon footprints.