Soap is primarily made from fats or oils through a chemical process called saponification. In this process, triglycerides from animal fats or vegetable oils react with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide (for bar soap) or potassium hydroxide (for liquid soap), to produce glycerin and soap molecules. The soap molecules have hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties, allowing them to effectively lift dirt and oils from surfaces, making them easier to wash away with water. Various fragrances, colors, and additives can be included in soaps for aesthetic and functional purposes.