The term for the study of ancient and modern cultures through their artifacts is "archaeology." Archaeologists excavate sites and study material remains, such as tools, pottery, bones, and structures, to understand past human behaviors, social structures, and cultural practices. This discipline often overlaps with anthropology and history, as it seeks to provide a comprehensive view of how societies have evolved over time. The information gathered through archaeology contributes significantly to our understanding of human civilization and its development across different regions.