The term for a person who studies the Earth and its processes is called a geologist. Geologists investigate the composition, structure, and processes of the Earth's materials, as well as the history of the planet and the forces that shape it. They may focus on various disciplines, including mineralogy, paleontology, or environmental geology. Geologists play an essential role in understanding natural resources, assessing geological hazards, and environmental conservation. Their research can impact resource management, urban planning, and environmental protection, making their work significant in addressing contemporary challenges.