The scientific study of heredity is called genetics. This branch of biology focuses on understanding how traits and characteristics are passed down from one generation to another through genes. Genetics encompasses various areas, including molecular genetics, population genetics, and quantitative genetics. Researchers use techniques such as genetic mapping and gene sequencing to explore hereditary patterns and their implications for fields like medicine, agriculture, and conservation. The study of genetics has revolutionized our understanding of various life forms and has applications in areas like gene therapy and personalized medicine.