The scientific study of animal behavior is called Ethology. This branch of biology focuses on observing and understanding behavioral patterns in animals, both in their natural habitats and controlled environments. Ethological studies can reveal insights about instinctive behaviors, communication, social structures, and how animals interact with their environments. Pioneers in this field, such as Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen, have contributed significantly to our understanding of animal behavior, emphasizing the importance of considering evolutionary factors and ecological context.