The common name for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth is the atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), along with trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth by providing oxygen for respiration, protecting us from harmful solar radiation, and regulating temperature through the greenhouse effect. It is also responsible for weather and climate patterns. Overall, the atmosphere is vital for sustaining life and maintaining the Earth's ecological balance.