As of October 2023, China is the country with the largest population in the world. With over 1.4 billion inhabitants, it has maintained this status for decades. The population density in some regions is incredibly high, particularly in urban areas where millions reside in cities like Beijing and Shanghai. However, India is closely following behind and is projected by some estimates to surpass China's population in the near future. This demographic scale poses both opportunities and challenges in terms of economic growth, resource allocation, and environmental sustainability as the government navigates these complexities.