The ancient civilization known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy, as well as for its cuneiform writing, is Mesopotamia. This region, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq), is often called the "Cradle of Civilization." The Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, prominent cultures within Mesopotamia, developed early forms of writing, particularly the cuneiform script, which was used for record-keeping and communication. They made significant advancements in mathematics, establishing a base-60 numbering system, and developed early astronomical observations and calendar systems. Their discoveries laid the groundwork for many modern scientific concepts.