The ancient civilization known for creating a vast empire in South America is the Inca civilization. The Incas thrived from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Their empire spanned a significant portion of western South America, encompassing modern-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina. The Incas are renowned for their sophisticated agricultural terraces, extensive road systems, and impressive architecture, including the famous city of Machu Picchu. Their society was characterized by advanced engineering, centralized governance, and a rich cultural heritage that included remarkable achievements in art, astronomy, and agriculture.